Chinese Characters and Words

Sunday, November 27, 2005

English Loan Words In Chinese

Simplified Chinese

EnglishCantonese TransliterationMandarin TransliterationNative expression
America美国美国
Amoeba阿米巴阿米巴
Amphetamine安非他明安非他明
Angel安琪儿安琪儿天使
Aspirin阿士匹灵阿斯匹灵
Baby啤啤
婴儿
Baccarat百家乐百家乐
Bar吧/酒吧酒吧
Bikini比坚尼比基尼三点式女泳装
Boss波士波士老板
Boycott杯葛杯葛
Brandy白兰地白兰地
Buffet卜非
自助餐
Bus巴士巴士公共汽车
Bye-bye拜拜拜拜再见
Caffeine咖啡因咖啡因
Calories卡路里卡路里
Card
Carnival嘉年华嘉年华狂欢节
Cartoon卡通卡通动画
Cent仙/仙士
Champagne香槟香槟
Cheese芝士
奶酪
Chocolate朱古力巧克力
Cigar雪茄雪茄
Cocoa可可可可
Cola可乐可乐
Cool
Cookies曲奇
饼干
Copy拷贝拷贝复印
Curry咖喱咖喱
Daddy爹地
爸爸
Darling打令/打玲
情人/爱人
Disco的士高迪斯可舞厅
Dozen
Encore安歌安歌/恩可
Engine引擎
发动机
Gene基因基因
Guitar结他吉他
Heroin海洛因海洛英白粉
Hormone荷尔蒙荷尔蒙
Jam占/果占果酱
Laser镭射镭射激光
Lemon柠檬柠檬
Logic逻辑逻辑
McDonalds麦当劳麦当劳
Mammy妈咪妈咪妈妈
Microphone咪高峰麦克风扩音器
Mini迷你迷你微型
Modern摩登摩登时髦的
Mosse慕丝慕丝发型固定乳
Motor摩打摩托马达
Pizza
比萨
Poker
扑克纸牌
Nylon尼龙尼龙
Ounce安士安士
Party派对派对
Pie西式馅饼
Pose甫士甫士姿势
Pound
Pudding布甸布丁
Salad沙律沙拉/色拉
Salon沙龙沙龙艺术拍照
Sandwich三文治三明治
SARS沙士沙士非典型肺炎
Sauna桑拿桑拿浴
Saxophone色士风萨克斯风
Show表演
Soda梳打苏打汽水
Sofa梳化沙发
Store士多
杂货店
Strawberry士多啤梨草莓
Sundae新地新地
Taxi的士的士计程车/出租汽车
Tips贴士提示
Toffee拖肥糖太妃糖
Vaseline花士苓凡士林
Whisky威士忌威士忌
Yoga瑜伽瑜伽

Traditional Chinese
EnglishCantonese TransliterationMandarin TransliterationNative expression
America美國美國
Amoeba阿米巴阿米巴
Amphetamine安非他明安非他明
Angel安琪儿安琪儿天使
Aspirin阿士匹靈阿斯匹靈
Baby啤啤
嬰儿
Baccarat百家樂百家樂
Bar吧/酒吧酒吧
Bikini比堅尼比基尼三點式女泳裝
Boss波士波士老板
Boycott杯葛杯葛
Brandy白蘭地白蘭地
Buffet卜非
自助餐
Bus巴士巴士公共汽車
Bye-bye拜拜拜拜再見
Caffeine咖啡因咖啡因
Calories卡路里卡路里
Card
Carnival嘉年華嘉年華狂歡節
Cartoon卡通卡通動畫
Cent仙/仙士
Champagne香檳香檳
Cheese芝士
奶酪
Chocolate朱古力巧克力
Cigar雪茄雪茄
Cocoa可可可可
Cola可樂可樂
Cool
Cookies曲奇
餅干
Copy拷貝拷貝复印
Curry咖喱咖喱
Daddy爹地
爸爸
Darling打令/打玲
情人/愛人
Disco的士高迪斯可舞廳
Dozen
Encore安歌安歌/恩可
Engine引擎
發動机
Gene基因基因
Guitar結他吉他
Heroin海洛因海洛英白粉
Hormone荷爾蒙荷爾蒙
Jam占/果占果醬
Laser鐳射鐳射激光
Lemon檸檬檸檬
Logic邏輯邏輯
McDonalds麥當勞麥當勞
Mammy媽咪媽咪媽媽
Microphone咪高峰麥克風擴音器
Mini迷你迷你微型
Modern摩登摩登時髦的
Mosse慕絲慕絲發型固定乳
Motor摩打摩托馬達
Pizza
比薩
Poker
扑克紙牌
Nylon尼龍尼龍
Ounce安士安士
Party派對派對
Pie西式餡餅
Pose甫士甫士姿勢
Pound
Pudding布甸布丁
Salad沙律沙拉/色拉
Salon沙龍沙龍藝術拍照
Sandwich三文治三明治
SARS沙士沙士非典型肺炎
Sauna桑拿桑拿浴
Saxophone色士風薩克斯風
Show表演
Soda梳打蘇打汽水
Sofa梳化沙發
Store士多
雜貨店
Strawberry士多啤梨草莓
Sundae新地新地
Taxi的士的士計程車/出租汽車
Tips貼士提示
Toffee拖肥糖太妃糖
Vaseline花士苓凡士林
Whisky威士忌威士忌
Yoga瑜伽瑜伽

Most Frequent Chinese Characters

How many Chinese characters do you have to learn in order to read a Chinese newspaper?

An appropriate answer will be around 2,500 Chinese characters. Coverage rate of 1,000 most frequent Chinese characters on a general text is around 85%. By knowing 1,000 Chinese characters, you can recognize about 85% of all characters on a general publication like Chinese newspaper.

Following are the coverage rates of the most frequently used Chinese characters:
# of Character : Coverage rate
100 : 38%
500 : 72%
1000 : 86%
2000 : 95%
2500 : 97%
3000 : 98%

I am getting these coverage rates from MTSU Chinese Computing (Jun Da), and more from Globechinese.com and about.com.

Now suppose you know 1,000 Chinese characters, does that mean you can read 86% of the text on a newspaper?

You may have noticed the word "recognize" instead of "understand" I used in second paragraph, knowing 1,000 Chinese characters does not mean you can read and understand as much.

This happens for various reasons:

  1. A Chinese character have multiple meanings, people infer its appropriate meaning from the context.

    Example :
    巧 (qiao3) : opportunely; coincidentally; as it happens; skillful; timely.
    巧合 (qiao3 he2) : coincidence; 巧妙 (qiao3 miao4) : ingenious; clever

  2. Homograph disambiguation (多音字) : There are a few hundred Chinese characters that have multiple pronunciations with different meanings.
    Example :
    背 (bei1) : carry; 背 (bei4) : the back of the body
    都 (dou1) : all; 都 : (du1) : capital, metropolis

  3. Most of Loan words in Chinese are transliterations from other languages.
    Example :
    You may know characters 美 (mei3): beautiful and 国 = 國 (guo2) : country, unless you have seen or learned the word "美国" before, you may not know it is a transliteration from "America" - The United States.

  4. Cultural words : words which are unique to Chinese culture.
    Example :
    气功 (qi4 gong1), 做月子 (zuo4 yue4 zi), 江湖 (jiang1 hu2)

  5. Some words are originated from 俚语 (li3 yu3) : slang; 成语(cheng2 yu3) : set phrase, Poetry, or other ancient Chinese literature
    Example :
    守株待兔 (shou3 zhu1 dai4 tu4)
    肉 包 子 打 狗, 有 去 无 回. (rou4 bao1 zi da3 gou3, you3 qu4 wu2 hui2)

Think that's too much for you?
Fortunately Chinese characters are like prefixes and roots in English language.

For example, 电 (dian4) means "electricity",
and from 电 we can learn following words too.

TraditionalSimplifiedPinyinEnglish
電冰箱电冰箱dian4 bing1 xiangrefrigerator
電池电池dian4 chi2battery
電燈泡电灯泡dian4 deng1 pao1bulb
電風扇电风扇dian4 feng1 shan4electric fan
電話电话dian4 hua4telephone; phone call
電腦电脑dian4 nao3computer
電視电视dian4 shi4television; TV

Feel more confident on learning Chinese?

On next post, I will be compiling a list of loan words in Chinese.
I am sure you will be interested to know these familiar words in Chinese. :-)